Quercus bicolor grows rapidly and can reach 18 to 24 meters (60 to 80 feet) tall with the tallest known reaching 29 m (95 ft) and lives up to 285 years. The bark resembles that of the white oak. The leaves are broad ovoid, 12–18 centimetres (4+3⁄4–7 inches) long and 7–11 cm (2+3⁄4–4+1⁄4 in) broad, always more or less glaucous on the underside, and are shallowly lobed with five to seven lobes on each side, intermediate between the chestnut oak and the white oak. In autumn, they turn brown, yellow-brown, or sometimes reddish, but generally, the color is not as reliable or as brilliant as the white oak can be. The fruit is a peduncled acorn, 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in), rarely 2.5 cm (1 in), long and 1–2 cm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) broad, maturing about six months after pollination.

Swamp white oak may live up to 300 years.